Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. We don't save this data. Grolier, J.-P.E. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Good, W.D. [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 Phys. [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Structure and properties. Kolosovskii, N.A. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (narcotic effects) - Category 3 - Narcotic effect. ; Daniels, F., What is the formula for specific heat? Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. [107][108], This article is about the chemical compound. Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekul's anecdote. ; Rossini, F.D., Heat capacity, c p: 118.4 J/(mol K) at 0 C . How much heat must be transferred to the mixture per g-mole of feed? [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Staveley, L.A.K. [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 [all data], von Reis, 1881 With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. [39] This vision, he said, came to him after years of studying the nature of carbon-carbon bonds. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components. ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. Answered: Benzene is a chemical compound in | bartleby [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. Trans. [all data], Gorbunova, Simonov, et al., 1983 ; Simonov, V.M. Benzene. Specific Heat capacity is given as. J. Chem. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Contact. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from France, 1929, 45, 36-49. Willams, J.W. aggravated assault charge. Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. National Center for Biotechnology Information. This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Am. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. 2. As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. For other uses, see, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Biological oxidation and carcinogenic activity, Critics pointed out a problem with Kekul's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. Czarnota, I., When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. The most important variations contain nitrogen. [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Cp values given for the pressure range 0.1 to 68.1 MPa. Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. [all data], Williams and Daniels, 1925 . [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 Partial specific heat capacity of benzene and of toluene in aqueous Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. Data compilation copyright Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. The pathway for the metabolism of benzene is complex and begins in the liver. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Chem. J. Chem. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. Tohoku Imp. [47][48] It was the German chemist Carl Grbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively. [64], Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. . Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. PDF Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. ; Lundberg, W.O., Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). Specific heat of liquids. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. We don't collect information from our users. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. It was formerly used as parasiticide. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. We don't collect information from our users. The affected batches were removed from sale. Int. J. II., Neft Gaz. The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups. Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. Sci. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. "Heats of Formation and Chemical Compositions" Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. [all data], Tanaka, 1987 When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946 Proc. ; Picker, P., Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. ; Grigoriev, V.A. ; Blanchard, E.R. The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. Gorbunova, N.I. Kalorimetrische Messungen an Mischungen von Nichtelektrolyten, 1. Oliver, G.D.; Eaton, M.; Huffman, H.M., Ser. ; Bhatagadde, L.G., Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Bernard Fontaine, Jr., CIH, CSP, FAIHA - Managing Partner - LinkedIn
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