In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. The Mfecane. 23 Ibid. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. Millions? In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. How much did the Khoisan population shrink during the Bantu expansion Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. Of course not. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Any proof of their numbers? Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. New research pokes holes in idea of 'Bantu expansion' in West Africa The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Roberts, A. D. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. Will Bantu Supremacy in South Africa Spark Another "Rwandan Genocide How do you study history? A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. cit. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. By Ellen Rubin. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. Enter your library card number to sign in. fall into the classification of genocide. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. . The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. Typical grifter contradictions. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. Was the Bantu Expansion genocide of the Pygmies, Khoisan, and - reddit However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction | Language Dispersal
